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암은 어떻게 생기나?

by 건강웰빙정보 2023. 2. 14.
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How Does Cancer Develop?

 암은 유전의 기본 물리적 단위인 유전자의 특정 변화로 인해 발생합니다. 
유전자는 염색체라는 촘촘하게 채워진 DNA의 긴 가닥으로 배열됩니다.
Cancer is caused by certain changes to genes, the basic physical units of inheritance. Genes are arranged in long strands of tightly packed DNA called chromosomes.

Credit: © Terese Winslow


암은 유전병입니다. 즉, 세포가 기능하는 방식, 특히 세포가 성장하고 분열하는 방식을 제어하는 유전자의 변화로 인해 발생합니다.
Cancer is a genetic disease—that is, it is caused by changes to genes that control the way our cells function, especially how they grow and divide.

암을 유발하는 유전적 변화는 다음과 같은 이유로 발생할 수 있습니다:
Genetic changes that cause cancer can happen because:

  • 세포가 분열할 때 발생하는 오류 of errors that occur as cells divide. 
  • 담배연기의 화학물질 및 태양의 자외선 같은 환경의 유해물질로 인한 DNA 손상. (암 원인 및 예방 섹션에 더 많은 정보가 있슴) of damage to DNA caused by harmful substances in the environment, such as the chemicals in tobacco smoke and ultraviolet rays from the sun. (Our Cancer Causes and Prevention section has more information.) 
  • 그들은 우리 부모에게서 물려 받았습니다 they were inherited from our parents. 


신체는 일반적으로 DNA가 손상된 세포가 암으로 변하기 전에 제거합니다. 
그러나 그렇게 할 수 있는 신체의 능력은 나이가 들면서 감소합니다. 
이것이 나중에 암에 걸릴 위험이 더 높은 이유 중 하나입니다.

각 사람의 암은 유전적 변화의 고유한 조합을 가지고 있습니다.
암이 계속 성장함에 따라 추가 변화가 발생합니다.
같은 종양 내에서도 세포마다 유전적 변화가 다를 수 있습니다.

The body normally eliminates cells with damaged DNA before they turn cancerous. But the body’s ability to do so goes down as we age. This is part of the reason why there is a higher risk of cancer later in life.

Each person’s cancer has a unique combination of genetic changes. As the cancer continues to grow, additional changes will occur. Even within the same tumor, different cells may have different genetic changes.

 

Fundamentals of Cancer

 

암은 세포가 통제할 수 없이 분열하여 주변 조직으로 퍼질 때 발생하는 질병입니다.
Cancer is a disease caused when cells divide uncontrollably and spread into surrounding tissues.

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Types of Genes that Cause Cancer

 

암을 유발하는 유전자 유형
암에 기여하는 유전적 변화는 세 가지 주요 유형의 유전자, 즉 원발암 유전자, 종양 억제 유전자 및 DNA 복구 유전자에 영향을 미치는 경향이 있습니다. 이러한 변화를 때때로 암의 "동인"이라고 합니다.

원발암유전자는 정상적인 세포 성장과 분열에 관여합니다. 그러나 이러한 유전자가 특정 방식으로 변경되거나 정상보다 더 활성화되면 암을 유발하는 유전자(또는 발암 유전자)가 되어 세포가 자라지 않아야 할 때 성장하고 생존할 수 있습니다.

종양 억제 유전자는 또한 세포 성장과 분열을 조절하는 데 관여합니다. 종양 억제 유전자에 특정 변형이 있는 세포는 제어되지 않는 방식으로 분열할 수 있습니다.

DNA 복구 유전자는 손상된 DNA를 고치는 데 관여합니다. 이러한 유전자에 돌연변이가 있는 세포는 다른 유전자에 추가적인 돌연변이를 일으키고 염색체 부분의 복제 및 결실과 같은 염색체의 변화를 일으키는 경향이 있습니다. 함께, 이러한 돌연변이는 세포가 암이 될 수 있습니다.

과학자들이 암을 유발하는 분자적 변화에 대해 더 많이 알게 되면서 특정 돌연변이가 여러 유형의 암에서 흔히 발생한다는 사실을 발견했습니다. 이제 암에서 발견된 유전자 돌연변이를 표적으로 하는 많은 암 치료법이 있습니다. 이러한 치료법 중 일부는 암이 어디에서 자라기 시작했는지에 관계없이 표적 돌연변이가 있는 암에 걸린 사람이라면 누구나 사용할 수 있습니다.

 

The genetic changes that contribute to cancer tend to affect three main types of genes—proto-oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, and DNA repair genes. These changes are sometimes called “drivers” of cancer.

Proto-oncogenes are involved in normal cell growth and division. However, when these genes are altered in certain ways or are more active than normal, they may become cancer-causing genes (or oncogenes), allowing cells to grow and survive when they should not.

Tumor suppressor genes are also involved in controlling cell growth and division. Cells with certain alterations in tumor suppressor genes may divide in an uncontrolled manner.

DNA repair genes are involved in fixing damaged DNA. Cells with mutations in these genes tend to develop additional mutations in other genes and changes in their chromosomes, such as duplications and deletions of chromosome parts. Together, these mutations may cause the cells to become cancerous.

As scientists have learned more about the molecular changes that lead to cancer, they have found that certain mutations commonly occur in many types of cancer. Now there are many cancer treatments available that target gene mutations found in cancer. A few of these treatments can be used by anyone with a cancer that has the targeted mutation, no matter where the cancer started growing.

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