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Journal ListIntegr Med (Encinitas)v.19(1); 2020 FebPMC7238909
사진 설명을 입력하세요.
Integr Med (Encinitas). 2020 Feb; 19(1): 12–14.
PMCID: PMC7238909
PMID: 32549859
The Science Behind NMN–A Stable, Reliable NAD+Activator and Anti-Aging Molecule
Christopher Shade, PhD*
Copyright and License information Disclaimer
In June of 2018, the World Health Organization (WHO) released the 11th edition of its International Classification of Diseases, and for the first time added aging.1
2018.6월, 세계보건기구(WHO)는 국제질병분류 제11판을 발표하고 처음으로 노화를 추가했습니다.1
노화를 질병으로 분류하는 것은, 노화를 지연시키는 새로운 치료법에 대한 새로운 연구의 길을 열어주거나, 또는 암, 심혈관 및 대사질환, 신경퇴행과 같은 노화관련 질병에서 회복시킵니다.2,3
The classification of aging as a disease paves the way for new research into novel therapeutics to delay or reverse age-related illnesses such as cancer, cardiovascular and metabolic disease, and neurodegeneration.2,3
Nutrient sensing systems have been an intense focus of investigation, including mTOR (the mammalian target of rapamycin) for regulating protein synthesis and cell growth;
단백질합성 및 세포성장을 조절하기 위한 mTOR(포유류의 라파마이신 표적) 등 영양감지 시스템이 집중적으로 조사되었습니다;
AMPK (activated protein kinase) for sensing low energy states;
낮은 에너지 상태를 감지하기 위한 AMPK(활성화된 단백질 키나제);
모든 살아있는 세포에 존재하는 조효소(coenzyme)인 NAD+ (니코틴아미드 아데닌 디뉴클레오티드)와 함께만 기능할 수 있는 DNA 발현 및 노화에 중요한 7가지 단백질군인 시르투인 sirtuins.4
and sirtuins, a family of seven proteins critical to DNA expression and aging, which can only function in conjunction with NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), a coenzyme present in all living cells.4
Across the kingdom of life, an increase in intracellular levels of NAD+ triggers shifts that enhance survival, including boosting energy production and upregulating cellular repair.5
삶의 왕국 전반에 걸쳐 세포 내 NAD+ 수준 증가는 에너지 생산증대 및 세포 복구 상향조절 등 생존을 향상시키는 변화를 촉발합니다.5
In fact, the slow, ineluctable process of aging has been described as a “cascade of robustness breakdown triggered by a decrease in systemic NAD+ biosynthesis and the resultant functional defects in susceptible organs and tissues.”6
사실, 느리고 피할 수 없는 노화 과정은 전신 NAD+ 생합성 감소와 이에 따른 감수성 기관 및 조직의 기능적 결함에 의해 발생합니다.”6
노화는 후성 유전적 변화, 게놈 불안정성, 영양소 감지능력 변화, telomere 마모, 미토콘드리아 기능 장애, 세포노화, 줄기세포 고갈 및 세포간 통신조절장애로 표시됩니다.7,8
Aging is marked by epigenetic shifts, genomic instability, altered nutrient sensing ability, telomere attrition, mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular senescence, stem cell exhaustion, and dysregulated intercellular communication.7,8
By middle age, our NAD+ levels have plummeted to half that of our youth.9
중년이 되면 NAD+ 수치가 청년의 절반으로 떨어졌습니다.9
Numerous studies have demonstrated that boosting NAD+ levels increases insulin sensitivity, reverses mitochondrial dysfunction, and extends lifespan.10,11
NAD+수치를 높이면 인슐린 감수성 이 증가하고 미토콘드리아 기능 장애 를 역전시키며, 수명이 연장된다는 것이 많은 연구에서 입증되었습니다. 10,11
NAD+수치는 자극하는 효소를 활성화하여 증가할 수 있는데, NAD+ 합성, NAD+를 분해하는 효소(CD38) 억제, 니코틴아미드 리보사이드(NR) 및 니코틴아미드 모노뉴클레오티드 (NMN) 등 NAD 전구체 보충.
NAD+ levels can be increased by activating enzymes that stimulate synthesis of NAD+, by inhibiting an enzyme (CD38) that degrades NAD+, and by supplementing with NAD precursors, including nicotinamide riboside(NR) and nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN).12,13
A conceptual framework called NAD World, formulated over the last decade by developmental biologist Shin-ichiro Imai, MD, PhD, of Washington University School of Medicine, posits NMN as a critical, systemic signaling molecule that maintains biological robustness of the communication network supporting NAD+.6
Washington University School of Medicine 발달생물학자 Shin-ichiro Imai, MD, PhD이 지난 10년 동안 공식화한 NAD World라는 개념적 프레임워크는 NMN을 NAD+를 지원 하는 통신 네트워크의 생물학적 견고성을 유지하는 중요하고 체계적 신호분자로 가정합니다.6
Taken orally, NMN is rapidly absorbed and converted to NAD+.14
경구 복용 시, NMN은 빠르게 흡수 되어 NAD+로 전환됩니다.14
In numerous studies, supplementation with NMN has increased NAD+ biosynthesis, suppressed age-related adipose tissue inflammation, enhanced insulin secretion and insulin action, improved mitochondrial function, improved neuronal function in the brain, and more.
많은 연구에서 NMN을 보충하면 NAD+ 생합성이 증가하고, 노화관련 지방조직 염증이 억제되고, 인슐린 분비 및 인슐린 작용이 향상되고, 미토콘드리아 기능이 향상되고, 뇌의 신경기능이 향상됩니다. ,
Here, we look at the science behind NMN, its stability, possible pharmacokinetics, transport, function, and ability to induce biosynthesis of NAD+.15
여기에서 NMN의 안정성, 가능한 약동학, 운반, 기능 및 NAD+의 생합성을 유도하는 능력에 대한 과학을 살펴봅니다.
Supplementing NMN may be an effective nutraceutical anti-aging intervention, with beneficial effects on a wide array of physiological functions.16
NMN을 보충하면 다양한 생리기능에 유익한 효과가 있는 효과적 영양학적 노화방지 개입이 될 수 있습니다.16
NMN 건강전문 몰
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인체에서 NMN으로 가는 경로
Pathways to NMN in the Human Body
A veritable symphony of interlocking transformations allows NAD+ to be both synthesized and regulated in the body.
서로 맞물리는 변형의 진정한 교향곡은 NAD+가 체내에서 합성되고 조절되게 합니다.
It is well known that vitamin B3 is a building block for Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+).
비타민 B3가 니코틴아미드 아데닌 디뉴클레오티드(NAD+)의 빌딩블록 이라는 것은 잘 알려져 있습니다.
It is also widely recognized that NMN is a potent precursor for NAD+.
NMN이 NAD+의 강력한 전구체라는 것도 널리 알려져 있습니다.
NMN은 아보카도, 브로콜리, 양배추, 완두콩, 오이와 같은 과일과 채소에서 소량으로 자연적 으로 발견되지만, 포유류에서 대부분의 NMN은 니코틴아미드 형태의 비타민 B3에서 합성됩니다.
Though NMN is naturally found in small amounts in fruits and vegetables such as avocados, broccoli, cabbage, edamame, and cucumbers17, in mammals most NMN is synthesized from vitamin B3 in the form of nicotinamide.
At the center is nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), an essential rate-limiting enzyme that catalyzes the conversion from nicotinamide to NMN, which exists in both an intracellular (iNAMPT) and extracellular form (eNAMPT).18
그 중심에는 니코틴아미드에서 NMN으로의 전환을 촉매하는 필수 속도제한 효소인 니코틴아미드 포스포리보실트랜스퍼라제(NAMPT)가 있으며, 이는 세포내(iNAMPT) 및 세포외 형태(eNAPT)로 존재합니다. 18
세포외 형태는 보다 높은 효소 활성을 가지고 있으며, 세포 내 형태이며 인간의 혈장, 정액 및 뇌척수액에서 발견되었습니다.19,20
The extracellular form has higher enzymatic activity than the intracellular form and has been found in blood plasma, seminal plasma and cerebrospinal fluid in humans.19,20
또한 eNAMPT는, 지방(지방세포), 간(간세포), 백혈구 등 혈액 세포 (백혈구 및 단핵구), 그리고 심장 및 뇌 세포(심근세포 및 신경교 세포 등) 다양한 세포 유형에서 생성되는 것으로 보입니다.21
In addition, eNAMPT appears to be produced by a wide array of cell types—including fat (adipocytes), liver (hepatocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes and monocytes), and heart and brain cells (cardiomyocytes and glia cells).21
Like NAD+ and NMN, eNAMPT declines with age.
NAD+ 및 NMN과 마찬가지로 eNAMPT는 나이가 들면서 감소합니다.
Both white and brown adipocytes actively secrete eNAMPT, suggesting that fatty tissue may be a modulator of NAD+ biosynthesis.6
흰색과 갈색 지방세포는 모두 eNAMPT를 활발히 분비하며, 이는 지방조직이 NAD+ 생합성의 조절자일 수 있음을 시사합니다.6
지방조직은 NMN이 풍부하고 혈장을 순환할 수 있는 세포외 소포(EV)를 활발히 분비합니다.
Adipose tissue actively secretes extracellular vesicles (EVs) that are enriched with NMN, and can circulate through the plasma.
EV는 인체세포에서 방출되는 인지질 이중층으로 둘러싸인 막 유래 입자입니다.22
EVs are membrane-derived particles surrounded by a phospholipid bilayer that are released by cells in the human body.22
These EVs not only protect their cargo, they can deposit their payload where needed.23
이러한 EV는 운반물을 보호함은 물론 필요한 곳에 탑재물을 보관할 수 있습니다.23
NMN과 NR이 함께 춤을 춥니다.
NMN and NR dance together.
NMN은 체내에서 NR로 전환될 수 있으며, 이는 세포로 들어가서, NRK(니코틴아미드 리보사이드 키나제)라는 효소에 의해 NMN으로 다시 전환됩니다.
NMN can be converted by the body to NR, which then enters cells, and is converted back to NMN by an enzyme called nicotinamide riboside kinase (NRK).
보다 최근, NMN을 세포 내로 직접 운반할 수 있는 "찾기 어려운" 운반체가 발견되었습니다.24
More recently, an “elusive’ transporter was discovered, which can transport NMN directly into cells.24
NMN is transported across cell membranes directly into the cytoplasm of the cell, by an enzyme called Slc12a8.
NMN은 Slc12a8이라는 효소에 의해 세포막을 통해 세포의 세포질로 직접 운반됩니다.
NMN의 흡수경로는 조직 유형에 따라 다르며 흥미롭게도 Slc12a8 발현은 뇌나 지방 조직보다 쥐의 소장에서 약 100배 더 높습니다.
Uptake pathways of NMN vary with tissue types, and interestingly, Slc12a8 expression is about 100-fold times higher in the small intestine of mice than the brain or adipose tissue.
Researchers speculate that the gut microbiome, and certain resident bacteria within it, may produce NMN.25
연구자들은 장내 미생물군집과 그 안에 상주하는 특정 박테리아가 NMN을 생성할 수 있다고 추측합니다.25
NMN 수치는 나이가 들면서 떨어지고, 노화 자체는 또한 NMN에서 NAD+로의 신체 전환을 상당히 손상시키는 것으로 나타났습니다.26
NMN levels fall with age, and aging itself has also been shown to significantly compromise the body’s conversion of NMN to NAD+.26
Abundant Evidence for Anti-aging and Health-Enhancing Effects of NMN
NMN의 노화방지 및 건강증진 효과에 대한 풍부한 증거
In numerous mouse models of disease and aging, NMN has demonstrated a wide array of remarkable effects, benefitting conditions ranging from diabetes to Alzheimer’s disease to ischemia.27
질병 및 노화에 대한 수많은 쥐 모델에서 NMN은 당뇨병에서 알츠하이머병, 허혈에 이르는 상태에 도움이 되는 광범위한 놀라운 효과를 입증했습니다.27
경구 투여된 NMN은 쥐 조직에서 NAD+로 빠르게 합성됩니다.
Orally administered NMN is quickly synthesized into NAD+ in tissues in mice.
NMN has been able to suppress age-associated weight gain, enhance energy metabolism and physical activity, improve insulin sensitivity, improve eye function, improve mitochondrial metabolism and prevent age-linked changes in gene expression.28
NMN은 연령 관련 체중 증가를 억제하고, 에너지 대사 및 신체 활동을 향상시키고, 인슐린 감수성을 개선하고, 눈 기능을 개선하고, 미토콘드리아 대사를 개선하고, 유전자 발현의 연령 관련 변화를 예방할 수 있었습니다.28
당뇨병 또는 비만으로 사육된 쥐에서, NMN은 인슐린의 작용과 분비를 모두 개선했습니다.29
In mice bred to be diabetic or obese, NMN improved both the action and secretion of insulin.29
NMN also protected the mouse heart from ischemia and/or reperfusion injury.30
NMN은 또한 허혈 및/또는 재관류 손상으로부터 쥐 심장을 보호했습니다.30
It has restored skeletal muscle in aged mice31, and slowed cognitive decline in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease, by improving the survival of neurons, improving energy metabolism, and reducing reactive oxygen species.32
NMN은 노화된 쥐에서 골격근을 회복시켰고,31 뉴런의 생존, 에너지 대사개선, 활성 산소종 감소를 통하여 알츠하이머병 쥐 모델에서 인지기능 저하를 늦추었습니다.
.32
이는 혈액 뇌 장벽의 완전성을 유지하는 데 도움이 될 수 있습니다.33
It may help maintain the integrity of the blood brain barrier.33
NMN is likely a good candidate to suppress inflammaging—the increase in inflammation associated with aging—since studies show it lowers adipose tissue inflammation associated with age.
NMN은 연구에 따르면 노화와 관련된 염증 증가인 염증을 억제하는 좋은 후보일 가능성이 높습니다. 나이와 관련된 지방 조직 염증을 낮춥니다.
In fact, older mice appear to be more responsive to NMN, in comparison with young mice.
사실, 나이든 쥐는 젊은 쥐에 비해 NMN에 더 반응하는 것으로 보입니다.
NMN은 물에서 안정한 것으로 보입니다;
한 연구에서 NMN의 93%-99%가 7-10일 동안 실온의 음용수에서 손상되지 않은 상태로 유지되었습니다.
NMN appears to be stable in water;
in one study 93%–99% of NMN was maintained intact in drinking water at room temperature for 7–10 days.
NMN also appears to be rapidly absorbed.
NMN은 또한 빠르게 흡수되는 것으로 보입니다.
When given to mice by oral gavage, there was a steep increase of plasma NMN in a mere two and a half minutes, with further increases at 5-10 minutes.
경구 위관 영양법으로 쥐에게 투여했을 때, 단 2분 30초 만에 혈장 NMN이 급격히 증가했으며 5-10분 후에는 추가로 증가했습니다.
그런 다음 혈장 수준이 기준선으로 감소하여 장에서 빠른 흡수를 시사했습니다.29
Plasma levels then declined to baseline, suggesting rapid absorption in the gut.29
최대 300mg/kg의 용량으로 경구 투여된 장기간(1년) NMN은 정상 쥐에서 안전하고 잘 견디는 것으로 밝혀졌습니다.29
Long-term (1-year) NMN given orally, in doses of up to 300 mg/kg, was found to be safe and well tolerated in normal mice.29
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전망: NMN과 인간건강
Looking Forward: NMN and Human Health
NMN is clearly a murine fountain of youth.
NMN은 분명히 젊음의 쥐 분수입니다.
그런데 인간은 어떻습니까?
But what about humans?
Shin-ichiro Imai has said that NMN may improve adult human metabolism, rendering it more like that of someone ten or twenty years younger.34
Shin-ichiro Imai는 NMN이 성인 인간의 신진대사를 개선하여 10~20년 더 어린 사람과 비슷하게 만들 수 있다고 말했습니다.34
그의 팀은 현재 인간에서 NMN을 연구하고 있습니다.
His team is now studying NMN in humans.
레스베라트롤, NAD+ 및 시르투인에 대한 연구가 세계적으로 유명한 하버드대학의 저명한 노화방지 연구원인 David Sinclair도 인간 실험을 수행하고 있습니다.
David Sinclair, Harvard University’s noted anti-aging researcher, whose research on resveratrol, NAD+ and sirtuins is world renowned, is also conducting human trials.
He is taking NMN himself;
he has said his lipid profile has improved dramatically and he feels more energetic and that his blood markers, at nearly 60 years old, are closer to those of a 31-year-old.35,36
그는 NMN을 직접 복용하고 있습니다;
그는 자신의 지질 프로필이 극적으로 향상되었고 더 활기차게 느껴지며 거의 60세에 가까운 그의 혈액 표지자가 31세의 것과 비슷하다고 말했습니다.35,36
흥미로운 질문은 경구 NMN의 전달 시스템입니다:
체내에서 혈장을 통해 분자를 운반하는 EV는 리포솜입니다.
An interesting question is the delivery system for oral NMN:
the EVs that transport the molecule through plasma in the body are liposomes.
NMN의 리포솜 버전은 과학이 노화를 역전시키는 성배에 대한 이해를 발전시킴에 따라 신체의 자체 운반 시스템을 모방하여 흡수 및 전달을 향상시킬 수 있습니다.
A liposomal version of NMN may well mimic the body’s own transport system, enhancing uptake and delivery, as science advances its understanding of the holy grail of reversing aging.
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Biography
Christopher Shade, PhD, founder and CEO of Quicksilver Scientific, continues to be the driving force of development and innovation. Dr. Shade’s vast depth and breadth of knowledge, passion for healing, and intuitive understanding of chemistry and biology are reflected in Quicksilver Scientific’s well-designed detoxification protocols, unique supplement delivery systems, and patented mercury speciation test. Dr. Shade earned his PhD from the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign and his undergraduate degree in Environmental Chemistry is from Lehigh University.
Dr. Shade is a recognized expert on mercury and liposomal delivery systems. He has lectured and trained doctors in the United States and internationally on the subject of mercury, heavy metals, and the human detoxification system. Dr. Shade’s current focus is on the development of cutting-edge, lipid-based delivery systems for nutraceuticals, such as liposomes and micro-emulsion systems, to address the growing need of high-quality, affordable detoxification solutions.
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References
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[Diabetologia. 2011]
Review NAD<sup>+</sup> Intermediates: The Biology and Therapeutic Potential of NMN and NR.
[Cell Metab. 2018]
Review The NAD World 2.0: the importance of the inter-tissue communication mediated by NAMPT/NAD<sup>+</sup>/SIRT1 in mammalian aging and longevity control.
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Review Extracellular vesicles as drug delivery systems: lessons from the liposome field.
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[Nat Metab. 2019]
Review Implications of altered NAD metabolism in metabolic disorders.
[J Biomed Sci. 2019]
Long-Term Administration of Nicotinamide Mononucleotide Mitigates Age-Associated Physiological Decline in Mice.
[Cell Metab. 2016]
Nicotinamide mononucleotide protects against pro-inflammatory cytokine-mediated impairment of mouse islet function.
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Nicotinamide mononucleotide, an intermediate of NAD+ synthesis, protects the heart from ischemia and reperfusion.
[PLoS One. 2014]
Review Partial reversal of skeletal muscle aging by restoration of normal NAD⁺ levels.
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